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QUALITY PHYSICAL EDUCATION ADVOCACY
EFFECTIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES
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Strategies for Forming Groups

  • SHAPE America Appropriate Practices
  • Resources Used for this Page
  • Related Pages
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  • 1.7.1 Teachers develop learning experiences that help all students understand the nature and the different kinds of competition.
  • 1.7.2 Students are given opportunities to choose their competitive environment. Physical educators encourage positive competitive situations through personal goal setting and/ or team play.
  • 1.7.3 Students are guided to understand that some students prefer competitive situations, while others don’t; and either preference is acceptable.
  • 2.2.1 Physical educators form pairs, groups and teams in ways that preserve every student’s dignity and self-respect.
  • Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Weinberg, R. & Gould, D. (2006). 
 
Techniques for forming groups
Use the following techniques to form groups. Don't forget to establish a "Lost and Found" for students who can't find a group to speed up the grouping process and eliminate potential embarrassment. Also see Grouping Techniques via Twitter Chat.
  • Apps/Websites: Team Shake, Who's Next, and Wheel Decide.
  • ​Barnyard: Students are given a list of animals to imitate. Students imitating the same animal become groups.
  • Blind Draft: Captains pick teams but do not know which team they will captain.
  • Canoe: Students form groups by sitting single file as if they were in a canoe.
  • Categories: Use categories or questions to create groups such as height, birth month, eye color, etc. Repeat until you are happy with the groups.
  • Colors: Use wristbands, hair ties, etc.
  • Corner Up: Students stand in two lines which create an "L" shape. Fold the lines to assign partners.
  • Criteria: Give students specific criteria for choosing their own groups.
  • Deception: Students are in two lines facing each other. Instead of partnering with the person across from them, assign them the 1st person to their right/left (or 2nd, 3rd, etc).
  • Goes Together: Students select a word from a list and then find a partner who has a word that goes with it. For example, students with peanut butter must find students with jelly.
  • Half and Half: Each student picks a partner and then the teacher combines pairs to form larger groups.
  • Matching - Stickers, Name Tags, Colors, Cards, etc: Use objects to create groups. For example, students are grouped by the suit on their poker card.
  • Mingle Mingle: When the teacher says "mingle mingle," students circulate in a small space. The teacher then calls out a grouping such as "Toe to toe with 2 other people." Repeat until you are happy with the groups.​
  • ​Popsicle Sticks: Write student names on popsicle sticks. Randomly pull sticks to form groups.
  • Scenarios: Students first pick a partner. Then give them a scenario such as "You and your partner have to cross a river but only one of you can take a boat. Who will swim and who will use the boat?" Group all of the students who chose boat together and all of the students who picked swim together.
  • Splitting Groups: Ask students to get into groups. Then have 1 student from each group raise their hand and combine those with their hands raised. Repeat with the remaining students in each group.
  • Stand or Sit: Students pick a partner. They then choose one person to stand and one person to sit. All sitters are a team, all standers are a team.
  • Team Switching: You can easily change already formed groups by switching students from each group that have something in common. For example, "Who has a birthday in March?" Students who have that birthday switch place.
IMPROVING GROUP COHESION
Strategies for the Teacher
  • Discuss what effective communication is.
  • Communicate importance of each student role.
  • Create group identity and group pride (team name, colors, etc.).
  • Set challenging groups goals.
  • Avoid excessive turnover of members.
  • Conduct periodic team meetings.
  • Have students get to know each other.
Strategies for the Student
  • Get to know group members.
  • Establish group norms and take personal responsibility for actions.
  • Help group members whenever possible.
  • Give positive reinforcement to group members.
  • Communicate honestly and openly.
  • Resolve conflicts immediately.
  • Give 100% effort to the group.
The Tuckman Model
Stages from Tuckman Model
Click to Enlarge
Homogeneous Grouping versus Heterogeneous Grouping
Before deciding on your grouping strategy, you should first consider the objectives for the task. Based on the objectives you can then choose what the appropriate number of students per group should be, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous grouping is appropriate, and whether students should have input/choice on their grouping. Heterogeneous grouping includes having a diversity among students in a variety of categories, such as: prior experience with content, psychomotor ability, cognitive ability, social ability, learning style, gender, race, ethnicity, and primary language spoken. Also see these articles: Can Ability Grouping in PE Improve Children’s Physical Activity?; Grouping Students by Ability in Physical Education: The Good, The Bad, and The Options; and Forming Groups in PE​.
Benefits of Homogeneous Grouping
  • Safety may be increased with players of similar skill levels.
  • Easier to create more individualized instruction.
  • Can promote interpersonal skills.
  • Environment may be less intimidating for students of lower abilities.
Potential Issues of Homogeneous Grouping
  • Can create negative feelings based on placement.
  • Can create a social hierarchy based on placement.
  • Homogeneous grouping is not representative of our society.
Individual, Cooperative, or Competitive Goals?
All three of these goal orientations have a place in physical education. Choose the format based on your students' needs, what they are ready for, and what the objectives for the lesson/unit are. Also see these articles: On Community, Cooperation, and Competition​ and ​The Case Against Competition.
​Individual
  • Students should be able to work independently, self assess their own performance, and require little assistance.
  • Students should understand that success is based on their personal performances and growth.
Cooperative
  • Students should be able to provide positive feedback to each other and employ collaborative skills.
  • Students should understand that success is based on the team and that each student should be responsible for their own contribution.
  • Groups should debrief at the end of the activity to process how the group did.
Competitive
  • Students should be able to play by the rules, assess whether rules have been violated, and play with good sportspersonship.
  • Students should understand that success is based on whether their performance was better than their opponent's performance.
having Competitive and Recreational Leagues
You can increase student engagement and satisfaction by splitting the class into recreational and competitive leagues. Instead of asking the students which league they want to be in directly, have them fill out a questionnaire with guiding questions. Using their answers, you can split them up into appropriate teams so that they are playing with and against people with the same expectations. See the examples below and search online for more examples of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test.
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